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- The Failures of Affirmative Action
-
- Once upon a time, there were two people who went to an interview
- for only one job position at the same company. The first person
- attended a prestigious and highly academic university, had years of work
- experience in the field and, in the mind of the employer, had the
- potential to make a positive impact on the companyÆs performance.
- The second person was just starting out in the field and seemed to lack
- the ambition that was visible in his opponent. ôWho was chosen for the
- job?ö you ask. Well, if the story took place before 1964, the answer
- would be obvious. However, with the somewhat recent adoption of the
- social policy known as affirmative action, the answer becomes unclear.
-
- After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in
- 1964,it became apparent that certain business traditions, such as
- seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total equality in
- employment. Then President, Lyndon B. Johnson, decided something needed
- to be done to remedy these flaws. On September 24, 1965, he issued
- Executive Order #11246 at Howard University that required federal
- contractors ôto take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are
- employed . . . without regard to their race, creed, color, or national
- origin (Civil Rights).ö When Lyndon Banes Johnson signed that order, he
- enacted one of the most discriminating pieces of legislature since the
- Jim Crow Laws were passed.
-
- Affirmative action was created in an effort to help minorities
- leap the discriminative barriers that were ever so present when the bill
- was first enacted, in 1965. At this time, the country was in the wake of
- nationwide civil-rights demonstrations, and racial tension was at its
- peak. Most of the corporate executive and managerial positions were
- occupied by white males, who controlled the hiring and firing of
- employees. The U.S. government, in 1965, believed that these employers
- were discriminating against minorities and believed that there was no
- better time than the present to bring about change.
-
- When the Civil Rights Law passed, minorities, especially
- African-Americans, believed that they should receive retribution for the
- years of discrimination they endured. The government responded by
- passing laws to aide them in attaining better employment as reprieve for
- the previous two hundred years of suffering their race endured at the
- hands of the white man. To many, this made sense. Supporters of
- affirmative action asked, öwhy not let the government help them get
- better jobs?ö After all, the white man was responsible for their
- suffering. While this may all be true, there is another question to
- be asked. Are we truly responsible for the years of persecution that
- the African Americans were submitted to?
-
- The answer to the question is yes and no. It is true that the
- white man is partly responsible for the suppression of the African-
- American race. However, the individual white male is not. It is just
- as unfair and suppressive to hold many white males responsible for past
- persecution now as it was to discriminate against many African-Americans
- in the generations before. Why should an honest, hard-working, open
- minded, white male be suppressed, today, for past injustice?
- Affirmative action accepts and condones the idea of an eye for an eye
- and a tooth for a tooth. Do two wrongs make a right? I think mother
- taught us better than that.
-
- Affirmative action supporters make one large assumption when
- defending the policy. They assume that minority groups want help.
- This, however, may not always be the case. My experience with
- minorities has led me to believe that they fought to attain equality,
- not special treatment. To them, the acceptance of special treatment is
- an admittance of inferiority. They ask, ôWhy canÆt I become successful
- on my own? Why do I need laws to help me get a job?ö These African
- Americans want to be treated as equals, not as incompetents.
-
- In a statement released in 1981 by the United States Commission
- on Civil Rights, Jack P. Hartog, who directed the project, said:
- Only if discrimination were nothing more than the misguided acts
- of a few prejudiced individuals would affirmative action plans be
- ôreverse discrimination.ö Only if todayÆs society were operating fairly
- toward minorities and women would measures that take race, sex, and
- national origin into account be ôpreferential treatment.ö Only if
- discrimination were securely placed in a well-distant past would
- affirmative action be an unneeded and drastic remedy.
-
- What the commission failed to realize was that there are thousands
- of white males who are not discriminating yet are being punished because
- of those who do. The Northern Natural Gas Company of Omaha, Nebraska,
- was forced by the government to release sixty-five white male workers to
- make room for minority employees in 1977 (Nebraska Advisory Committee
- 40). Five major Omaha corporations reported that the number of white
- managers fell 25% in 1969 due to restrictions put on them when
- affirmative action was adopted (Nebraska Advisory Committee 27). You
- ask, öWhat did these white males do to bring about their termination?ö
- The only crime that they were guilty of was being white. This hardly
- seems fair to punish so many innocent men for the crimes of a relative
- few.
-
- But the injustice toward the white male doesnÆt end there. After
- the white male has been fired, he has to go out and find a new job to
- support his family that depended on the company to provide health care
- and a retirement plan in return for years of hard work. Now, because of
- affirmative action, this white male, and the thousands like him, require
- more skills to get the same job that a lesser qualified black man needs.
- This is, for all intents and purposes, discrimination, and it is a law
- that our government strictly enforces.
-
- Affirmative action is not only unfair for the working man, it is
- extremely discriminatory toward the executive, as well. The average
- business executive has one goal in mind, and that is to maximize
- profits. To reach his goal, this executive would naturally hire the
- most competent man or woman for the job, whether they be black or
- white or any other race. Why would a business man intentionally cause
- his business to lose money by hiring a poorly qualified worker? Most
- wouldnÆt. With this in mind, it seems unnecessary to employ any policy
- that would cause him to do otherwise. But, that is exactly what
- affirmative action does. It forces an employer, who needs to meet a
- quota established by the government, to hire the minority, no matter who
- is more qualified.
-
- Another way that affirmative action deducts from a companyÆs
- profits is by forcing them to create jobs for minorities. This occurs
- when a company does not meet its quota with existing employees and has
- to find places to put minorities. These jobs are often unnecessary, and
- force a company to pay for workers that they do not need.
-
- Now, donÆt get the impression that affirmative action is only
- present in the work place. It is also very powerful in education. Just
- as a white male employee needs more credentials to get a job than his
- minority opponent, a white male student needs more or better skills to
- get accepted at a prestigious university than a minority student. There
- are complete sections on college applications dedicated to race and
- ethnic background. Colleges must now have a completely diverse student
- body, even if that means some, more qualified students, must be turned
- away.
-
- A perfect example of this can be found at the University of
- California at Berkeley. A 1995 report released by the university said
- that 9.7% of all accepted applicants were African American. Only 0.8%
- of these African American students were accepted by academic criteria
- alone. 36.8% of the accepted applicants were white. Of these accepted
- white students, 47.9% were accepted on academic criteria alone. That
- means that approximately sixty times more African Americans students
- were accepted due to non-academic influences than white students. It
- seems hard to believe that affirmative action wasnÆt one these outside
- influences.
-
- Another interesting fact included in the 1995 report said that the
- average grade point average for a rejected white student was 3.66 with
- an average SAT score of 1142. The average grade point average for an
- accepted African American student was 3.66 with a 1030 average SAT
- score. These stunning facts shows just how many competent, if not
- gifted students fall between the cracks as a direct result of
- affirmative action (Affirmative action).
-
- Well, I believe that the problem has been identified; affirmative
- action is becoming a form of reverse discrimination. It is now time for
- the doctor to prescribe a potential remedy. Society should work towards
- broad based economic policies like public investment, national health
- reform, an enlarged income tax credit, child support assurance, and
- other policies benefiting families with young children. Widely
- supported programs that promote the interests of both lower and middle
- class Americans that deliver benefits to minorities and whites on the
- basis of their economic status, and not their race or ethnicity, will do
- more to reduce minority poverty than the current, narrowly based, poorly
- supported policies that single out minority groups. However, if this,
- or another remedy is not taken sometime in the near future, and
- affirmative action continues to separate minority groups from whites, we
- can be sure to see racial tension reach points that our history has
- never seen.
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- Works Cited
-
- ôAffirmative Action at the University of California at Berkeleyö
- Online.
-
- October 28, 1996. http://pwa.acusd.edu/~e_cook/ucb-95.html
-
- ôCivil Rightsö ComptonÆs Interactive Encyclopedia. (1996). [Computer
- Program]
-
- SoftKey Multimedia International Corporation.
-
- United States. Commission on Civil Rights. Affirmative Action in the
- 1980Æs:
-
- Dismantling the Process of Discrimination. Washington: 1981.
-
- United States. Nebraska Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on
- Civil Rights.
-
- Private Sector Affirmative Action: Omaha. Washington: 1979.
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